2023-2024黑龙江省佳木斯市郊区佳木斯市高三上学期第四次模拟预测英语试题（原卷版+ 解析版含听力音频及听力原文）

佳一中2023-2024学年度高三学年第四次调研考试
英语试题
时间：120分钟 总分：150分
Ⅰ卷55题(共85分)
第一部分 听力(共两节，满分20分))
第一节(共55小题;每小题1分，满分5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题，每段对话仅读一遍。
1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
What will Matthew do on the weekend
A. Attend an exhibition. B. Enter a contest. C. Visit China.
【答案】B
【解析】
【原文】W: I’m going to the museum this Sunday. There is a new exhibition of ancient china. Would you like to join me, Matthew
M: I’d love to, but I have a piano competition in Seattle. I can’t miss it.
2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
Where do the speakers want to go
A. To a supermarket. B. To a bank. C. To a restaurant.
【答案】C
【解析】
【原文】M: Have we missed it The policeman said it’s only three streets away, right across the biggest supermarket.
W: Wait a minute. The bank, the clothing store, ah, here it is, the Italian restaurant!
3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
When will the man see the film
A. At 1:30 p.m. B. At 3:30 p.m. C. At 5:30 p.m.
【答案】A
【解析】
【原文】W: Welcome to Sky Cinema. How can I help you
M: I need two tickets to the film Avatar: The Way of Water. 《阿凡达：水之道》
W: It starts at 1:30 p.m., 3:30 p.m. and 5:30 p.m. Which one would you like
M: The earlier, the better.
4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
What are the speakers mainly talking about
A. A noisy night. B. A place of living. C. Their sleeping habits.
【答案】B
【解析】
【原文】W: I really like living here in this apartment. It’s so close to my office and the shopping mall.
M: That’s true. But I’m often woken up at night by the traffic outside.
W: Oh, I didn’t know you are a light sleeper.
5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
Why did the man call the woman last night
A. To give her fruits. B. To invite her to a party. C. To ask for her cousin’s number.
【答案】A
【解析】
【原文】M: What were you doing last night I called you, but you didn’t answer.
W: Oh, I was at my cousin Jack’s birthday party. And my phone was dead. Was there anything urgent
M: My dad came back from a farm. He brought back many fruits, and I wanted to share some with you.
第二节(共15小题;每小题11分，满分15分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
6. How does the man feel about the woman’s suggestion
A. A bit disappointed. B. Very satisfied. C. Greatly surprised.
7. What will the speakers do on Friday evening
A. Go shopping. B. Eat out. C. Pick up their children.
【答案】6. B 7. A
【解析】
【原文】W: Larry, do you have any plans for the coming weekend
M: No, and you
W: I checked the weather on my phone just now. It seems it’ll be a fine day on Saturday. Shall we go hiking in the hills
M: Good idea. When was our last hike
W: Well, I think that was in March this year, if my memory serves me right.
M: Oh, that was six months ago. If that is the plan, we should go to the supermarket to pick up some food and drinks.
W: Yes. We can do that with our boys on Friday evening after dinner. I’ve heard that the supermarket will offer discounts then.
M: Okay. Now I’m looking forward to the weekend.
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
8. Where does the conversation probably take place
A. In a hotel. B. On a plane. C. On a lake.
9. Why will the man go to Chicago
A. To attend a meeting. B. To visit his sister. C. To start university.
【答案】8. A 9. B
【解析】
【原文】W: Good morning, sir.
M: Good morning. I think there should be a room booked in the name of Logan Jones.
W: Okay, let me have a check. A double room with a view of the lake
M: Oh, there must be some mistake. Actually, I booked a single room with a big bathroom.
W: Can I have your ID card I need to check again.
M: Okay, here you are.
W: Ah, yes, I find it. I’m sorry I misheard your name as Reagan. Will you stay for just one night
M: Yes, I will have a meeting tomorrow morning, and after that I will fly to Chicago.
My sister is studying at a university there. Do I need to pay now
W: No, you don’t. You can pay when you leave. Okay, here is your room key. The elevator is on your right.
M: Thank you.
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
10. What is the probable relationship between the speakers
A. School friends. B. Teacher and student. C. Librarian and library user.
11. What does Michael say about the book
A. It’s sold at a discount price.
B. It’s important for Maria’s study.
C. It’s written by Professor Hughes.
12. What will Michael do for Maria
A. Share his book with her. B. Lend her some money. C. Ask Noah for help.
【答案】10. A 11. B 12. C
【解析】
【原文】M: Hi, Maria, what book are you looking for
W: Hi, Michael. The one Professor Hughes recommended in his class. He said it’s a very good reference book.
M: Then I think you’d better have it. It must be of great help.
W: Yes but the problem is that it costs 50 dollars. I could hardly afford it.
M: Have you gone to the school library to search for it
W: Yes, of course, but I couldn’t find it. I even asked the librarian to help me, but there wasn’t a copy in the library. You know, there are 40 students in my class, and everyone wants the book. I don’t know what to do now.
M: Listen, my roommate Noah took the course last term. I remember he has a copy. I’ll borrow it from him for you.
W: Thanks a lot. That’s very kind of you.
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
13. Why does the man meet the woman
A. To look at an apartment. B. To have a meal together. C. To deliver some furniture.
14. What does the man like about the carpet
A. Its quality. B. Its size. C. Its color.
15. What does the man think of the kitchen
A. It’s well-designed. B. It’s well-equipped. C. It’s well-painted.
16. What will the man probably do next
A. Take a bus. B. Make a payment. C. Talk with his wife.
【答案】13. A 14. C 15. B 16. C
【解析】
【原文】W: Hi, you must be Leo Cook.
M: Hi, you must be Stella. I’m sorry for being late.
W: It doesn’t matter. I have got the key and let’s go in.
M: Hmm … The green carpet in the living room is so great. The color is my favorite. It’s a good match for the wallpaper.
W: Yes, the apartment is in good condition.
M: Where is the kitchen
W: This way. It’s next to the washroom.
M: The kitchen is particularly good. It has everything, even an oven and a microwave.
W: Yes, and it’s big enough to have a meal e and see the big bedroom. It faces south and has a big closet.
M: Yeah, it’s really bright in here. But where can I do the laundry
W: Here, on the balcony. And you can hang your clothes here.
M: The house is nice, but I have to ask my wife first. I understand it’s 1,000 dollars a month.
W: Yes. I have to mention that the transport here is also convenient. The subway station is 500 meters away and there is a bus stop nearby.
M: Okay. I will be in touch.
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
17. Why does the speaker organize the activity
A. To prepare for Children’s Day.
B. To celebrate the end of the school year.
C. To welcome children in the neighborhood.
18. What is the activity for children about
A. Looking for the hidden gifts. B. Hiding around the center. C. Having a group discussion.
19. What are the children required to do before going out
A. Find the flags. B. Write their names down. C. Stay together with their parents.
20. Who will go to the other side of the center
A. The preschool children. B. The third-grade children. C. The fourth-grade children.
【答案】17. B 18. A 19. B 20. C
【解析】
【原文】Good morning, children and parents. Welcome to the Children’s Club in our neighborhood. As the end of the school year is drawing near, we’ve prepared various gifts, such as stickers, bookmarks and pencils. To add more fun, we’ve hidden them for you to find around this center. Here’s the information you need to know. First of all, all children should put your names down at the desk, because you will be divided into several groups. Then, if you’re ready, preschool children will be going out of this front door and their parents should go together. Outside this door, you will see a flag as the marker for your area. There will be some helpers to direct you. If you are in the first to third grade, you’re going right outside that back door to search in the yard. The parents of this group are welcome to go with the children. Finally, the fourth graders, please, follow me down the hall through the double doors and to the other side of the center where you’ll be going to look for your gifts. There’s plenty for everyone.
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Where will you go next Our editors and explorers pick some most exciting destinations for the year ahead. Grab your bags and go!
Mostar, Bosnia
Partially destroyed during the Bosnian War (1992-1995) , history-rich Mostar still bears scars of the past. Wander around and you’ll pass newly renovated apartments next to buildings riddled with bullet holes. Local and intemational artists regularly decorate the abandoned structures with colorful murals. Mostar’s most tangible image of peace is the 16th-century Stari Most, rebuilt in 2004. It connects the city’s predominantly Christian Croat west side with the mainly Muslim Bosniak east.
Tohoku, Japan
Less than three hours by train from Tokyo, home of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, Tohoku features pristine forests, gorges and crater lakes, thousand-year-old temples and shrines, and venerable local festivals— yet less than 2 percent of international travelers come here. For skiers, Tohoku regularly records some of the planet’s heaviest snowfalls, and resorts such as Appi Kogen are exhilaratingly uncrowded.
National Blue Trail, Hungary
Hungary is a dream hiking destination thanks to the country’s National Blue Trail. It’s part of the nearly 6, 500-mile European long-distance walking route E4, which begins in Spain and ends in Cyprus. So, while you could use the Blue Trail as a launchpad for an epic, cross-Europe trek, Hungary’s historic route is best experienced as a singular destination.
Zakouma National Park, Chad
Home to a rapidly growing African elephant population— some 559 in 2019 and a thousand expected by 2024-Zakouma National Park is an under-the-radar African safari destination. The park’s location, in southeastern Chad, one of the world’s least visited countries, makes Zakouma a best-kept secret— one worth sharing to help ensure its continued success.
21. Which destination fits you best if you are fond of hiking
A. Mostar. B. National Blue Trail. C. Tohoku. D. Zakouma National Park.
22. What do Tohoku and Zakouma National Park have in common
A. They are both far from the city’s capital. B. They are very famous for local festivals.
C. They are less popular and attract fewer tourists. D. They are the best choices for sports enthusiasts.
23. In which section of a newspaper can the text be found
A. Environment. B. Travel. C. Culture. D. Business.
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了编辑和探险家们挑选了一些最令人兴奋的目的地。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据National Blue Trail, Hungary大标题下的第一句话“Hungary is a dream hiking destination thanks to the country’s National Blue Trail. (匈牙利是一个理想的徒步旅行目的地，这要归功于该国的国家蓝色步道)”可知，匈牙利是一个理想的徒步旅行目的地。所以如果你喜欢徒步旅行，National Blue Trail, Hungary非常适合你。故选B。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据Tohoku, Japan大标题下的第一句话“Less than three hours by train from Tokyo, home of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, Tohoku features pristine forests, gorges and crater lakes, thousand-year-old temples and shrines, and venerable local festivals— yet less than 2 percent of international travelers come here. (从2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会的举办地东京乘火车不到三个小时，东北拥有原始的森林、峡谷和火山口湖、千年历史的寺庙和神社，以及古老的当地节日，但只有不到2%的国际游客来到这里)”以及Zakouma National Park, Chad大标题下的第二句话“The park’s location, in southeastern Chad, one of the world’s least visited countries, makes Zakouma a best-kept secret— one worth sharing to help ensure its continued success.(该公园位于乍得东南部，乍得是世界上游客最少的国家之一，这使扎库马成为一个保守得最好的秘密，值得分享，以确保其持续成功)”可知，这个地方的共同之处在于它们不那么受欢迎，而且游客很少。故选C。
【23题详解】
文章出处题。文章主要介绍了编辑和探险家们挑选了一些最令人兴奋的目的地，所以这篇文章出自报纸的旅游板块。故选B。
B
I was cutting up lettuce (生菜) in the kitchen when I suddenly remembered watching a video about putting the lettuce stub (残余部分) in water to grow a whole new vegetable. So I took out a wide-mouthed mug (大杯) and placed the stub into it, gave it a little water, and placed it by the window.
On a snowy morning, I noticed the first sign. A first small leaf from its heart spread out. A tiny green flag of hope. Beaten, but not defeated. Within days, it was impossible to see the cuts where I had removed the leaves. The growth was explosive. And when I lifted the blossoming head out of the mug, tiny root threads fell down, seeking for the earth. What is growing here Lettuce or hope
If I were a lettuce in a similar condition, I’d want to doubtfully assess where I found myself before being devoted to full growth. Yet for this lettuce, my inadequate offering of water and a place by a window was enough for it to decide to reclaim itself again. It grew in a mug of water, in faith. This is the heart of this lettuce: alive, strong and fearless. It deserved a name. I decided to call it Monty.
Monty wanted to grow, as we all do. I think I gave him a little love and freedom. Those two ingredients were all he needed to return to himself. I see joy in this lettuce. The return to self is always an expression of joy, which is life itself. With the right ingredients, this is the tendency of all living things.
Monty still lives in a mug, but I’m going to transplant him outside. He deserves to become his full self. The only problem I see now is my capacity to support Monty. I hope I have enough of a green finger.
I’m surprised to find myself where I am. Maybe Monty is, too. I have the same choice as he does: give in and decay (腐烂), or start again. The prospect of starting again is discouraging. But my lettuce-friend, Monty, leads the way. I can only hope to be as brave.
24. Why did the author put the stub in water
A. To hope that it would grow. B. To decorate the nice mug.
C. To conduct an experiment. D. To remove his bad mood.
25. What is the first sign of life in the author’s eyes
A. The remaining stub. B. The small leaf.
C. The disappearing cuts. D. The tiny root threads.
26. How would the author feel if in the lettuce’s situation
A. Hesitant. B. Fearless. C. Confident. D. Annoyed.
27. Which can be a suitable title of the passage
A. Enjoy your own life to the fullest. B. Believe in yourself when in trouble.
C. Never be afraid to restart yourself. D. Give freedom to the heart in a way.
【答案】24. A 25. B 26. A 27. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者将生菜残余部分放入水中生长，展现出生命力的故事，并表达了作者希望自己能够像它一样勇敢地面对生活的选择。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“I was cutting up lettuce (生菜) in the kitchen when I suddenly remembered watching a video about putting the lettuce stub (残余部分) in water to grow a whole new vegetable. So I took out a wide-mouthed mug (大杯) and placed the stub into it, gave it a little water, and placed it by the window.(我正在厨房切生菜，突然想起看过一段视频，讲的是把生菜残余部分放在水里长出一棵新的生菜。于是我拿出一个宽口马克杯，把残余部分放进去，加了一点水，放在窗边。)”可知，作者把生菜残余部分放进杯子里是希望它能长出一棵新的生菜。故选A。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“On a snowy morning, I noticed the first sign. A first small leaf from its heart spread out. A tiny green flag of hope.(在一个下雪的早晨，我注意到了第一个迹象。第一片小叶子从它的中心伸出来。)”可知，作者眼里的生命的第一个迹象是一片小叶子。故选B。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“If I were a lettuce in a similar condition, I’d want to doubtfully assess where I found myself before being devoted to full growth. (如果我是一棵处于类似状况的生菜，我会在全身心投入到全面成长之前，怀疑地评估一下自己的位置。)”可知，作者如果是一棵处于类似状况的生菜，作者会怀疑自己的状况，会感到犹豫。故选A。
【27题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“I’m surprised to find myself where I am. Maybe Monty is, too. I have the same choice as he does: give in and decay (腐烂), or start again. The prospect of starting again is discouraging. But my lettuce-friend, Monty, leads the way. I can only hope to be as brave.(我很惊讶地发现自己在这里。也许Monty也是。我和他有同样的选择：要么屈服，要么腐烂，要么重新开始。重新开始的前景令人沮丧。但是我的生菜朋友Monty在前面带路。我只希望能像你一样勇敢。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了作者将生菜残余部分放在水中，生菜努力生长的故事给作者带来的感触。作者认为，我们要勇于重新开始。故选C。
C
A new study released in the journal Plant and Cell Physiology suggests that ethanol (乙醇) — or alcohol-can help plants survive in times of drought, even for as long as two weeks without water.
To come up with their finding, the researchers grew wheat and rice plants, regularly watering them, and then added ethanol to the soil in one group of plants over three days. They then kept both groups deprived of (中断) water for two weeks and found that drunk plants grew better than untreated ones. Around 75% of the drunk wheat and rice plants survived after rewatering, while less than 5% of the untreated plants did.
The study also looked at how ethanol protected a plant. Using arabidopsis, a small plant commonly used in experiments, the researchers discovered that when ethanol-treated specimens (样品) were deprived of water, tiny openings on the leaves’ surface closed up to preserve water and heat.
The team studied arabidopsis’ gene expression and found that the ethanol-treated plants started behaving if they were experiencing drought, even before they were actually deprived of water. This gene expression gave the plants an advantage in preparing for a drought.
The researchers said, “The finding is not just useful for the world’s gardens, but also for farms growing vital crops like rice and wheat. Drought-resistant crops could help achieve sustainable food security, which is an issue affecting many parts of the world right now.” They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. “The application of ethanol to plants would be a potent agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in different plants,” said Motoaki Seki, the study’s lead author. But, he warned that the ethanol needed to be used reasonably as higher concentration of ethanol prevented plants growing. Seki added, “We will soon begin testing ethanol on plants in real fields.”
28. What did the researchers find in their study
A. Plants produce ethanol in times of drought.
B. Drunk plants could live longer without water.
C. There is no need to water house plants every day.
D. It requires more water to grow wheat in the field.
29. Why do the researchers do the study
A. To cut the cost of food production. B. To bring about the change of diet.
C. To generate increases in food price. D. To help maintain global food security
30. What does the underlined word “potent” in the last paragraph mean
A. Effective. B. Basic. C. Fictional. D. Necessary.
31. What does Seki want to stress about ethanol in the text
A. It would fit all kinds of plants. B. It has been applied to real fields.
C. It should be used in proper amount. D. It enables wheat plants to grow fast.
【答案】28. B 29. D 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。最新研究表明，在土壤中加入乙醇（酒精）可以帮助植物在干旱时期存活更长时间。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study released in the journal Plant and Cell Physiology suggests that ethanol(乙醇)—or alcohol —can help plants survive in times of drought, even for as long as two weeks without water. (发表在《植物与细胞生理学》杂志上的一项新研究表明，乙醇（酒精）可以帮助植物在干旱时期存活下来，甚至可以在没有水的情况下存活长达两周)”可知，研究人员发现乙醇(（酒精）可以帮助植物在缺水条件下存活更长时间。故选B。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段的““Drought-resistant crops could help achieve sustainable food security, which is an issue affecting many parts of the world right now.”They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. (“抗旱作物有助于实现可持续粮食安全，这是目前影响世界许多地区的一个问题。”他们补充说，在干旱时期，乙醇是增加世界各地粮食产量的一种有用而简单的方法)”可知，研究人员进行这个实验是为了他们的发现可以在干旱时期提高全世界的粮食产量，从而有助于维护全球粮食安全。故选D。
【30题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. (他们补充说，在干旱时期，乙醇是增加世界各地粮食产量的一种有用而简单的方法)”以及后文“agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in various plants (提高各种植物抗旱性的农业方法)”可推断，在干旱时期，乙醇是增加世界各地粮食产量的一种有用而简单的方法，所以将乙醇应用于植物将是一种有效的农业方法，可以增强各种植物的抗旱性。故画线词意思是“有效的”。故选A。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“But, he warned that the ethanol needed to be used reasonably as higher concentration of ethanol prevented plants growing. (但是，他警告说，乙醇需要合理使用，因为高浓度的乙醇会阻碍植物生长)”可推断，Seki想强调的是在土壤中加入乙醇应当适量。故选C。
D
As students return to school this fall, many of them— perhaps especially those from historically disadvantaged student groups will be starting the academic year with achievement levels lower than where they were at the beginning of summer break. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as summer learning loss. We review what is known about summer loss and offer suggestions for schools looking to solve the problem.
The recent studies on summer loss have been rather comprehensive. One study found that students, on average, lost between 25-30 percent of their school-year learning over the summer; additionally, black and Latino students tended to gain less over the school year and lose more over the summer compared to white students.
However, an analysis of the national study found little evidence of overall loss over the summers after grades K and 1, and the summer loss gaps widened in some subjects and grades but not others. Von Hippel and Hamrock re-analyzed two earlier data sets and concluded that gaps “do not necessarily. . . grow fastest over the summer”. Thus, it seems summer loss occurs, though not universally across geography, grade level or subject.
Schools want to address the issue of summer learning loss not only because it may widen achievement gaps, but also because it “wastes” so much of the knowledge students have gained during the school year. Summer loss also undoubtedly increases the amount of time teachers have to spend “re-teaching” last year’s content.
Traditionally, educators and policy makers have relied on conventional summer school programs to solve summer learning loss. Not surprisingly, research suggests that programs are more effective when students attend consistently and spend more time on task academically. Regardless of the design, these policies should offer engaging options for students over the summer so that summer learning programs do not feel like punishment for students who would rather be enjoying summer vacation. Doing so would set more students up for success as the school year gets underway.
32. What’s the author’s aim by writing Paragraph 1
A. To raise a question. B. To make a comparison.
C. To analyze the figures. D. To illustrate an example.
33. According to the studies, what can we know about summer learning loss
A. Immigrant students experienced the most summer loss.
B. White students did not lose learning over the summer.
C. Summer learning loss after grades K and 1 was alarming.
D. Summer learning loss seemed to vary in grades and subjects.
34. Why do schools want to solve the problem according to the fourth paragraph
A. It may narrow achievement gaps.
B. It may cause repetitive work for teachers.
C. It may stop students gaining more knowledge.
D. It may increase teachers’ new teaching content.
35. What does the author think of summer school programs
A. The conventional programs are ineffective.
B. Students should do all academic tasks.
C. More choices should be provided for students.
D. The programs are punishment for many student.
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了今年秋天，当学生们返校时，他们中的许多人——尤其是那些历史上处于不利地位的学生群体——将以比暑假开始时更低的成绩开始新学年。这种现象有时被称为夏季学习损失。我们回顾了关于夏季失学的已知情况，并为希望解决这一问题的学校提供了建议。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“As students return to school this fall, many of them— perhaps especially those from historically disadvantaged student groups will be starting the academic year with achievement levels lower than where they were at the beginning of summer break. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as summer learning loss. We review what is known about summer loss and offer suggestions for schools looking to solve the problem.”（今年秋天，当学生们返校时，他们中的许多人——尤其是那些历史上处于不利地位的学生群体——将以比暑假开始时更低的成绩开始新学年。这种现象有时被称为夏季学习损失。我们回顾了关于夏季失学的已知情况，并为希望解决这一问题的学校提供了建议。）可推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个问题。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“However, an analysis of the national study found little evidence of overall loss over the summers after grades K and 1, and the summer loss gaps widened in some subjects and grades but not others. Von Hippel and Hamrock re-analyzed two earlier data sets and concluded that gaps “do not necessarily. . . grow fastest over the summer”. Thus, it seems summer loss occurs, though not universally across geography, grade level or subject.”（然而，对这项全国性研究的分析发现，几乎没有证据表明，在K和1年级之后的暑假里，学生的总体成绩会下降，而且在某些科目和年级上，学生的成绩差距会扩大，但在其他科目和年级上则没有。Von Hippel和Hamrock重新分析了两个早期的数据集，并得出结论，差距“不一定……在夏季生长最快”。因此，夏季流失似乎是普遍存在的，尽管不是在地理、年级或学科上普遍存在。）可知，根据这些研究，夏季学习损失似乎因年级和科目而异。故选D项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Schools want to address the issue of summer learning loss not only because it may widen achievement gaps, but also because it “wastes” so much of the knowledge students have gained during the school year. Summer loss also undoubtedly increases the amount of time teachers have to spend “re-teaching” last year’s content.”（学校希望解决暑期学习损失的问题，不仅因为它可能会扩大成绩差距，还因为它“浪费”了学生在学年中获得的大量知识。夏季的损失无疑也增加了教师花在“重新教授”去年的内容上的时间。）可知，学校要解决这个问题是因为这可能会导致教师重复工作。故选B项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Not surprisingly, research suggests that programs are more effective when students attend consistently and spend more time on task academically. Regardless of the design, these policies should offer engaging options for students over the summer so that summer learning programs do not feel like punishment for students who would rather be enjoying summer vacation. Doing so would set more students up for success as the school year gets underway.”（不出所料，研究表明，当学生坚持上课，花更多的时间在学业上时，课程会更有效。无论设计如何，这些政策都应该为学生在暑假期间提供有吸引力的选择，这样暑期学习计划就不会让那些宁愿享受暑假的学生感到惩罚。随着学年的开始，这样做会让更多的学生为成功做好准备。）可推知，作者认为暑期学校项目的应该为学生提供更多的选择。故选C项。
第二节(共55小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Social media can connect you to friends and family, bring you the latest and most important news, and help you discover things you would never come across otherwise. ____36____. They can lead to negative emotions or distract you from important tasks. Your first thought may be to delete your accounts completely, but you may miss out on all of the benefits. Why not use some of these smart strategies to help you find a good balance
____37____
The contacts on your social media can add up quickly over time as we constantly follow more people. Adding in other junk accounts can make things even worse. The next time you load up one of your social media apps, take some time to unfollow the accounts and people you’re no longer interested in. ____38____. If you’re only following 50 people on twitter, for example, you know that you’re not missing too much if you’re only checking your timeline once a day.
Turn off notices
Fewer notices can help you keep focused and create a healthy habit of checking social media only when you really have to. Notices aren’t too difficult to control these days. ____39____. Browse through the options you have inside your apps, too, in case some apps have secret ways to inform you.
Set time limits
Setting time limits for social media apps on your devices isn’t a perfect approach, as you can easily turn them off if the attraction is too strong. Still, you might find these limitations are effective at reducing the amount of time you spend checking your social networks. ____40____, and from there you can set how long you are allowed to use each app for. Despite all of these measures, you’ll definitely still need a bit of willpower as well.
A. Update your accounts regularly
B. Follow fewer people
C. You can find Screen Time options in the iOS
D. Take a look at the phone’s settings and you will see what you can change
E. However, social media contact may cause you problems
F. But these platforms can sometimes be troublemakers
G. This will make a big difference to how often you check social media
【答案】36. E 37. B 38. G 39. D 40. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些使用社交媒体的策略和技巧，以帮助我们能够平衡其利弊。
【36题详解】
根据空后内容“They can lead to negative emotions or distract you from important tasks.(它们会导致负面情绪或分散你对重要任务的注意力)”可知，下文讲述的是社交媒体带来的消极影响。空前“Social media can connect you to friends and family, bring you the latest and most important news, and help you discover things you would never come across otherwise.(社交媒体可以将你与朋友和家人联系起来，带给你最新和最重要的新闻，并帮助你发现你在其他情况下永远不会遇到的事情)”陈述社交媒体带来的好处；由此推知，空处内容应承上启下。选项E“However, social media contact may cause you problems(然而，社交媒体接触可能会给你带来问题)”中的“however”表明其与上文存在转折关系，同时引出下文社交媒体可能带来的消极影响。故选E。
【37题详解】
空处为小标题，为本段主要内容。根据下文“The contacts on your social media can add up quickly over time as we constantly follow more people. Adding in other junk accounts can make things even worse. The next time you load up one of your social media apps, take some time to unfollow the accounts and people you’re no longer interested in.(随着我们不断关注更多的人，你的社交媒体上的联系人会随着时间的推移迅速增加。添加其他垃圾账户会让事情变得更糟。下次你打开社交媒体应用时，花点时间取消关注那些你不再感兴趣的账户和人)”可知，本段主要建议我们取消关注那些你不再感兴趣的账户和人。选项B“Follow fewer people(关注更少的人)”与本段内容相符，可以作为小标题。故选B。
【38题详解】
根据空后内容“If you’re only following 50 people on twitter, for example, you know that you’re not missing too much if you’re only checking your timeline once a day.(如果你在twitter上只关注了50个人，你知道如果你每天只查看一次你的时间轴，你就不会错过太多)”可知，下文讲述的是关注的人少了，那么查看社交媒体的频率也少了。选项G“This will make a big difference to how often you check social media(这将对你查看社交媒体的频率产生很大的影响)”与下文内容相符，指的是关注的人少了，查看社交媒体的频率也减少了。故选G。
【39题详解】
根据空前内容“Fewer notices can help you keep focused and create a healthy habit of checking social media only when you really have to. Notices aren’t too difficult to control these days.(更少的通知可以帮助你保持专注，并养成一种健康的习惯，只在必要的时候才查看社交媒体。如今，通知并不难控制)”可知，上文主要建议了关闭通知会帮助我们保持专注，并提出控制通知并不难；由此推知，空处介绍如何控制通知，选项D“Take a look at the phone’s settings and you will see what you can change(看一看手机的设置，你就会知道你可以改变什么了)”与上文承接自然，指的是可以通过查看手机的设置，关闭一些通知。故选D。
【40题详解】
根据空后内容“and from there you can set how long you are allowed to use each app for. (从那里你可以设置你允许使用每个应用程序的时间)”可知，空处应该提到可以设置屏幕使用时间的程序。选项C“You can find Screen Time options in the Ios(你可以在IOS中找到屏幕使用时间选项)”与下文内容一致，指的是在IOS中找到屏幕使用时间选项，从而设置使用每个应用程序的时间。故选C。
第三部分 完形填空(共15小题：每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
At age eleven, I was in middle school. As the oldest and my mom’s “grown up” girl, I had to keep my cool. But before Christmas, every chance I got, when I was ____41____, I checked each present under the tree quietly. I read every tag (标签) and ____42____ every package, telling which present went to which person without even looking at the tags.
It had been a (n) ____43____ year for my family. When my mom looked at the simple presents, she sighed and warned us, “There won’t be as much for Christmas this year. Try not to be ____44____.” Christmas had traditionally been a time for my parents to spoil (溺爱) us. In years past, the presents would pile up and I would hear the phrase “giving is better than receiving”, but thought whoever had said that must have been out of their mind. Getting presents was the whole ____45____!
On that Christmas morning, we ____46____ waited in the hallway until Dad told us everything was ready. We rushed into the living room and let the wrapping paper fly. We made weak ____47____ to wait and watch other family members opened their presents, but as the time passed we lost our self-control.
“Here’s another one for you,” said Mom as she ____48____ me a package with my name written on the label in my mother’s handwriting. I looked at it, ____49____. Having spent so much time examining the presents before Christmas, I _____50_____ this one. It was my mom’s.
“Mom, I can’t...”
I was _____51_____ by my mother’s eager, joyful look—a look I could not really understand. “Let’s see what it is, honey. Hurry and open it.” It was a blow dryer. Though it’s simple, to me it was so much more. Being a little girl, I was amazed. In my world, where receiving _____52_____ giving, my mom’s act of selflessness was incomprehensible. Tears filled my eyes and I thought in disbelief about how much my mom must love me to _____53_____ her Christmas.
I have always remembered that Christmas full of deep _____54_____. It had such an impact on me. As an adult, I can now _____55_____ my mom’s actions—finding an even greater joy in her Christmas, because giving truly is better than receiving. My mom’s simple act meant the world to me.
41. A. alone B. asleep C. awake D. alive
42. A. tore B. felt C. smelled D. broke
43. A. easy B. tough C. common D. shiny
44. A. excited B. embarrassed C. disappointed D. nervous
45. A. approach B. excellence C. secret D. point
46. A. slowly B. unconcernedly C. passively D. eagerly
47. A. contributions B. attempts C. requests D. arguments
48. A. handed B. took C. threw D. provided
49. A. ashamed B. stressed C. bored D. confused
50. A. recognised B. recalled C. refused D. returned
51. A. inspired B. scared C. stopped D. encouraged
52. A. outweighed B. equaled C. meant D. indicated
53. A. give out B. give up C. settle for D. pay off
54. A. doubt B. relief C. love D. trouble
55. A. remember B. comment C. understand D. share
【答案】41. A 42. B 43. B 44. C 45. D 46. D 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. A 51. C 52. A 53. B 54. C 55. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在圣诞节收到母亲送的吹风机，深刻感受到母亲的爱和付出。
【41题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但在圣诞节前，只要一有机会，当我一个人的时候，我就悄悄地检查树下的每一件礼物。A. alone独自的；B. asleep睡着的；C. awake醒着的；D. alive活着的。根据空后“I checked each present under the tree quietly.”可判断，作者是在一个人的时候悄悄检查每一个礼物。故选A。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我看了每一个标签，摸了摸每一个包裹，甚至不用看标签就能知道哪个礼物是给哪个人的。A. tore撕掉；B. felt感到、触摸；C. smelled闻到；D. broke打碎。根据空后的“every package, telling which present went to which person without even looking at the tags.”可推断，作者是在摸每一个包裹，感受里面的礼物。故选B。
【43题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对我的家庭来说，这是艰难的一年。A. easy轻松的；B. tough艰难的；C. common常见的；D. shiny闪亮的。根据下文“There won’t be as much for Christmas this year.”可知，作者家今年日子并不好过，所以是艰难的一年。故选B。
【44题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：妈妈看着这些简单的礼物，叹了口气，并警告我们：“今年圣诞节不会有那么多礼物了。尽量不要失望。”A. excited兴奋的；B. embarrassed尴尬的；C. disappointed失望的；D. nervous紧张的。根据上文“There won’t be as much for Christmas this year.”可知，礼物并不是很多，所以妈妈才希望孩子们不要失望。故选C。
【45题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：收到礼物才是最重要的！A. approach接近；B. excellence优秀；C. secret秘密；D. point意义、看法。根据上文“In years past, the presents would pile up and I would hear the phrase “giving is better than receiving”, but thought whoever had said that must have been out of their mind.”以及下文“In my world, where receiving ____12____ giving, my mom’s act of selflessness was incomprehensible.”可知，作者认为收到礼物才具有意义。故选D。
【46题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：在那个圣诞节的早晨，我们在走廊里急切地等着，直到爸爸告诉我们一切都准备好了。A. slowly缓慢地；B. unconcernedly漫不经心地；C. passively被动地；D. eagerly热切地。根据“On that Christmas morning”可知，到了拆礼物的时候了，根据常理可知，孩子们此时非常急切地等待着。故选D。
【47题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们勉强想等一等，看看其他家庭成员打开礼物，但随着时间的流逝，我们失去了自制。A. contributions贡献；B. attempts试图；C. requests要求；D. arguments辩论。根据下文“wait and watch other family members opened their presents but as the time passed we lost our self-control.”可知，孩子们本想着等一等再拆开礼物，却控制不住；考查短语：make attempts to do sth.，意为“试图做某事”，符合句意。故选B。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“这是给你的另一个礼物，”妈妈说，她递给我一个包裹，标签上用妈妈的笔迹写着我的名字。A. handed递送；B. took取走；C. threw扔；D. provided提供。根据上文““Here’s another one for you,””可知，作者的妈妈又递给作者一个包裹。故选A。
【49题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我看着它，迷惑不解。A. ashamed羞愧的；B. stressed有压力的；C. bored无聊的；D. confused困惑的。根据下文“Having spent so much time examining the presents before Christmas, I ____10____ this one. It was my mom’s.”可知，由于之前检查过礼物，作者知道妈妈给自己的礼物是属于妈妈的，但是现在上面却写着自己的名字，所以作者是感到很困惑。故选D。
【50题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在圣诞节前花了那么多时间检查礼物，我认出了这个。A. recognised认出；B. recalled回忆；C. refused拒绝；D. returned返回。根据空前“Having spent so much time examining the presents before Christmas”可知，作者花了很长时间检查礼物，所以此时是认出了这个礼物是妈妈的。故选A。
【51题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我被妈妈热切而快乐的眼神拦住了——一种我无法真正理解的眼神。A. inspired鼓舞；B. scared恐吓；C. stopped停止、打断；D. encouraged鼓励。根据上文““Mom, I can’t...””可知，作者的话并没有说完，由此可知，作者的话被妈妈的眼神打断了。故选C。
【52题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在我的世界里，接受重于给予，我妈妈的无私行为是不可理解的。A. outweighed比……重要；B. equaled与……相等；C. meant意味着；D. indicated暗示。根据上文“In years past, the presents would pile up and I would hear the phrase “giving is better than receiving”, but thought whoever had said that must have been out of their mind. Getting presents was the whole ____5____!”可知，在作者看来，接受比给予更重要。故选A。
【53题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：我的眼睛里充满了泪水，我难以置信地想，妈妈一定是多么爱我，才会放弃她的圣诞节礼物。A. give out分发；B. give up放弃；C. settle for对……感到满足；D. pay off得到回报。根据上文“It was my mom’s.”可知，作者手上的吹风机原本是妈妈得到的礼物，可是妈妈却给了作者。由此可知，作者的妈妈是放弃了自己的圣诞节礼物。故选B。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我一直记得那个充满爱的圣诞节。A. doubt怀疑；B. relief减轻；C. love爱；D. trouble麻烦。根据上文“Tears filled my eyes and I thought in disbelief about how much my mom must love me to ____13____ her Christmas.”可知，作者觉得那个圣诞节充满了妈妈对自己的爱。故选C。
【55题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为一个成年人，我现在可以理解我妈妈的行为——在她的圣诞节里发现了更大的快乐，因为给予真的比接受更好。A. remember记得；B. comment评论；C. understand理解；D. share分享。根据下文“finding an even greater joy in her Christmas, because giving truly is better than receiving”可知，时隔多年，作者已经理解了妈妈的行为。故选C。
Ⅱ卷(共65分)
第一部分(共10小题：每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As you walk into the Shandong Arts and Crafts Exhibition Center, you are greeted by ____56____ impressive sight: a larger-than-life rabbit. ____57____ (decorate) with an auspicious (吉利的) cloud atop, the Tuzi Wang, or “lord rabbit”, is dressed in a golden helmet, armor and a flowing red robe.
The ____58____ (create) of the rabbit figure is Yang Feng, an inheritor of this Shandong intangible cultural heritage. Located on the second floor of the exhibition center is his studio ____59____ he displays his works. Besides, there are also many cultural creative products ____60____ (feature) the lord rabbit, including T-shirts, puzzles and notebooks, as well as an area for people to try their hands at making a rabbit figure ____61____ (they).
After dedicating two decades to perfecting his craft, Yang is committed ____62____ promoting the traditional skill of creating the lord rabbit in his own unique style. “For me, crafting the rabbit is not just a job, but a lifelong career that I am ____63____ (passion) about,” he says.
Hou Yangjun, the deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Folk Literature and Art Association, explains that a folk tradition emerges in Jinan where citizens worship (崇拜) a clay rabbit god named Tuzi Wang during Mid-Autumn Festival and it ____64____ (pass) down for several centuries. “The rabbit god is known as Tu’er Ye in Beijing and Tuzi Wang in Jinan. Despite minor differences in their appearance, both of them share the same origin and are _____65_____ (traditional) crafted from mud and clay,” Hou adds.
【答案】56. an 57. Decorated
58. creator
59. where 60. featuring
61. themselves
62. to 63. passionate
64. has been passed
65. traditionally
【解析】
【导语】本文一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国传统手工艺，非物质文化遗产——兔子王。包括其制作工艺以及相关传统等。
【56题详解】
考查冠词。句意：当你走进山东工艺美术展览中心时，你会看到一个令人印象深刻的景象：一只比真人大的兔子。修饰单数可数名词，表示泛指，用不定冠词；空后单词“impressive”为元音音素开头，用an。故填an。
57题详解】
考查时态。句意：兔子王，或称“兔王”，头上装饰着吉祥的云，头戴金头盔，身穿铠甲，身穿飘逸的红色长袍。这里为非谓语动词担当状语，和主句主语“the Tuzi Wang, or “lord rabbit””之间存在被动关系，用过去分词形式；在句首，首字母大写。故填Decorated。
【58题详解】
考查名词。句意：兔子形象的创作者是杨峰，他是山东省非物质文化遗产的传承人。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式，表示“创作者”，指“杨峰”应用单数形式。故填creator。
【59题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：位于展览中心二楼的是他的工作室，他在这里展示自己的作品。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“his studio”，在定语从句中担当地点状语，用关系副词where。故填where。
【60题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，还有许多以兔子王为主题的文化创意产品，包括T恤、拼图和笔记本，以及一个让人们自己动手制作兔子王雕像的区域。非谓语动词担当后置定语，被修饰词“products”和动词“feature”之间存在主动关系，用现在分词形式。故填featuring。
【61题详解】
考查代词。句意：此外，还有许多以兔子王为主题的文化创意产品，包括T恤、拼图和笔记本，以及一个让人们自己动手制作兔子王雕像的区域。根据句意可知，空处指的是“自己做某事”，用逻辑主语people的反身代词themselves表示“他们自己”。故填themselves。
【62题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：在花了二十年的时间来完善他的手艺之后，杨峰致力于以自己独特的风格来推广传统的制作兔子王的技术。固定短语：be committed to，意为“致力于……”，符合本句句意。故填to。
【63题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他说:“对我来说，制作兔子不仅仅是一份工作，而是我热爱的终身事业。”分析句子成分可知，空处为形容词担当本句的表语，be passionate about“热爱，对……有热情”。故填passionate。
【64题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：中国民间文学艺术协会副秘书长侯阳军解释说，济南市有一个民间传统，市民在中秋节拜兔子王泥兔神，这个传统已经流传了几个世纪。这里为本句谓语动词，根据时间状语从句“for several centuries”可知，本句时态为现在完成时；主语为“it”，和动词“pass”之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填has been passed。
【65题详解】
考查副词。句意：尽管它们的外观略有不同，但它们有着相同的起源，传统上都是用泥土和粘土制作的。担当句子的状语用副词形式。故填traditionally。
第二部分 单词拼写(共10小题;每小题1分，满分10分)
汉译英
66. f______ adj. 频繁的；经常发生的
67. f______ n. 失败
68. o______ n. 场合；时刻
69. a______ v. 吸收
70. b______ n. 预算
71. rely→______ adj. 可信赖的；可靠的
72. major→______ n. 大多数
73. science→______ adj. 科学的
74. marry→______ n. 婚姻
75. permit→______ n. 许可；允许
【答案】66. frequent
67. failure
68. occasion
69. absorb 70. budget
71. reliable
72. majority
73. scientific
74. marriage
75. permission
【解析】
【66题详解】
考查形容词。“频繁的；经常发生的”英文为frequent，为形容词形式。故答案为frequent。
【67题详解】
考查名词。“失败”英文为failure，为名词形式。故答案为failure。
【68题详解】
考查名词。“场合；时刻”英文为occasion，为名词形式。故答案为occasion。
【69题详解】
考查动词。“吸收”英文为absorb，为动词形式。故答案为absorb。
【70题详解】
考查名词。“预算”英文为budget，为名词形式。故答案为budget。
【71题详解】
考查形容词。rely“依靠，依赖”，为动词形式，其形容词形式“可信赖的；可靠的”英文为reliable。故答案为reliable。
【72题详解】
考查名词。major“主修，主要的”，为动词或形容词形式，其名词形式“大多数”英文为majority。故答案为majority。
【73题详解】
考查形容词。science“科学”，为名词形式，其形容词形式“科学的”英文为scientific。故答案为scientific。
【74题详解】
考查名词。marry“结婚”，为动词形式，其名词形式“婚姻”英文为marriage。故答案为marriage。
【75题详解】
考查名词。permit“允许”，为动词形式，其名词形式“许可；允许”英文为permission。故答案为permission。
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分040分)
第一节 应用文写作(满分15分)
76. 假定你是校英语剧社社长李华，原定于下周举行的英语剧表演比赛因故推迟，请给担任评委的外教Katherine写封邮件，内容包括：
1.表示歉意；
2.推迟原因；
3.后续调整。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.可适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯
3.请在答题卡的相应位置作答
Dear Katherine,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Katherine,
How are things going with you these days I’m sorry to tell you that the English drama competition scheduled to be held next week has been postponed for some reason.
I suppose everybody around the world has been somehow affected by Covid-19, and we are no exception. The greatest influence on us is that the English drama competition this year has been postponed to next month. If the virus is under control soon, we will rearrange and inform you in time. I wish it would be convenient for you to be our judge then.
Please stay safe and stay in contact with me.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。要求考生给外教Katherine写信，告诉她原定于下周举行的英语剧表演比赛因故推迟，对此深表歉意，并讲明原因和后续安排。
【详解】1.词汇积累
推迟：postpone→put off
影响：affect→influence
竞赛：competition→contest
与……保持联系：stay in contact with→keep in touch with
2.句型拓展
同义句
原句： I’m sorry to tell you that the English drama competition scheduled to be held next week has been postponed for some reason.
拓展句： I’m sorry to tell you that the English drama competition which was scheduled to be held next week has been postponed for some reason.
【点睛】[高分句型1]I’m sorry to tell you that the English drama competition scheduled to be held next week has been postponed for some reason.（运用了that引导的宾语从句和过去分词作后置定语）
[高分句型2]The greatest influence on us is that the English drama competition this year has been postponed to next month.（运用了that引导的表语从句）
[高分句型3]I wish it would be convenient for you to be our judge then.（运用了虚拟语气）
第二节 读后续写(满分25分)
77. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I must admit, I haven’t always liked animals. In fact, I distrusted them greatly while growing up, and I still fear the ones I don’t know personally. What set my beliefs in stone was being attacked—not once but many times, including the summer after second grade when I was bitten by a rabbit. Then, when I was nine and riding my dirt bike down the road, a large dog charged me and tried to bite my ankle. After all those negative experiences, there was one thing I knew for sure: All creatures, great and small, were no friends of mine.
After college in California, I returned to live the single life in Las Vega. Then I met Lisa. In no time at all, we fell in love, married and moved into a new house. Despite my avoidance of animals, Lisa had a dog called Bailey. Bailey didn’t like me, but he tolerated my existence once he realized I wasn’t going anywhere.
Things changed as spring came. We welcomed a new member of our family: our son Evan. One evening Evan grabbed hold of the dog’s tail. The irritated dog paused and turned to look at his stuck tail but waited patiently until being released. Still the stories I’d heard of animals attacking babies worries me.
Then my worst fear occurred. I sat on the couch (沙发) reading after a long day while my wife worked at the dining-room table paying the bills. I saw Evan crawl across the family-room carpet as he made his way behind the couch. One minute, all was quiet and then Bailey entered the room and headed to where Evan had crawled. I nearly jumped out of my skin when I heard the dog start a fearful barking behind me.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Throwing the book away, I rushed around the couch with great fear.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Having witnessed our dog killing a scorpion (蝎子) and saving my son, I was speechless.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Throwing the book away, I rushed around the couch with great fear. The damn dog was barking directly at a huge scorpion in front of Evan’s chin. Evan lay on his belly, his head held high, frozen in fright as Bailey continued to bark at full volume mere inches away. The huge scorpion had its tail up and was prepared to strike. Without hesitation, the dog rushed to attack the scorpion and killed it with one bite. It was such a close call. Lisa scooped up our crying child.
Having witnessed our dog killing a scorpion (蝎子) and saving my son, I was speechless. Unconsciously, tears rolled down my cheek. Without worry and fear any longer, I knelt down and gave that brave dog some kisses. Bailey seemed to have fully understood my feeling, he lay in my arms to comfort me. It was a crucial moment which showed how both human and beast can live in harmony. I had a new belief in love. It is that some animals are human’s good friends indeed.
【解析】
【导语】本文以情感发展为线索展开，讲述了作者从小不喜欢小动物，但是在儿子遇险，宠物狗保护了作者的儿子之后，作者终于相信人和动物之间也有爱。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“扔掉了书，我非常害怕地绕过沙发冲了过去。”可知，第一段可描写作者绕过沙发冲过去，准备制止并责骂Bailey，却发现地上有个蝎子冲着儿子爬过去，Bailey勇敢地冲上去，一口把它咬死了。
②由第二段首句内容“亲眼看见我们的宠物狗咬死了蝎子救了我儿子，我无话可说。”可知，第二段可描写作者被Bailey 的行动感动了，并相信人和动物之间也有爱。
2.续写线索：看见大蝎子——Evan 害怕——蝎子准备进攻——Bailey把它咬死——流泪——吻Bailey——Bailey依偎作者——感悟
3.词汇激活
行为类
①冲：rushed/raced/hurried
②进攻：strike /attack /charge
③展示出：showed /displayed
情绪类
①吓得僵住了：frozen in fright / frozen in terror
②千钧一发：a close call /a narrow escape
【点睛】[高分句型1]Evan lay on his belly, his head held high, frozen in fright as Bailey continued to bark at full volume mere inches away.（独立主格结构）
[高分句型2]It is that some animals are human’s good friends indeed（表语从句）佳一中2023-2024学年度高三学年第四次调研考试
英语试题
时间：120分钟 总分：150分
Ⅰ卷55题(共85分)
第一部分 听力(共两节，满分20分))
第一节(共55小题;每小题1分，满分5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题，每段对话仅读一遍。
1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
What will Matthew do on the weekend
A. Attend an exhibition. B. Enter a contest. C. Visit China.
2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
Where do the speakers want to go
A. To a supermarket. B. To a bank. C. To a restaurant.
3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
When will the man see the film
A. At 1:30 p.m. B. At 3:30 p.m. C. At 5:30 p.m.
4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
What are the speakers mainly talking about
A. A noisy night. B. A place of living. C. Their sleeping habits.
5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
Why did the man call the woman last night
A To give her fruits. B. To invite her to a party. C. To ask for her cousin’s number.
第二节(共15小题;每小题11分，满分15分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
6. How does the man feel about the woman’s suggestion
A. A bit disappointed. B. Very satisfied. C. Greatly surprised.
7. What will the speakers do on Friday evening
A. Go shopping. B. Eat out. C. Pick up their children.
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
8. Where does the conversation probably take place
A. In a hotel. B. On a plane. C. On a lake.
9. Why will the man go to Chicago
A. To attend a meeting. B. To visit his sister. C. To start university.
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
10. What is the probable relationship between the speakers
A School friends. B. Teacher and student. C. Librarian and library user.
11. What does Michael say about the book
A. It’s sold at a discount price.
B. It’s important for Maria’s study.
C. It’s written by Professor Hughes.
12. What will Michael do for Maria
A. Share his book with her. B. Lend her some money. C. Ask Noah for help.
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
13. Why does the man meet the woman
A. To look at an apartment. B. To have a meal together. C. To deliver some furniture.
14. What does the man like about the carpet
A. Its quality. B. Its size. C. Its color.
15. What does the man think of the kitchen
A. It’s well-designed. B. It’s well-equipped. C. It’s well-painted.
16. What will the man probably do next
A. Take a bus. B. Make a payment. C. Talk with his wife.
听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
17 Why does the speaker organize the activity
A. To prepare for Children’s Day.
B. To celebrate the end of the school year.
C. To welcome children in the neighborhood.
18. What is the activity for children about
A. Looking for the hidden gifts. B. Hiding around the center. C. Having a group discussion.
19. What are the children required to do before going out
A. Find the flags. B. Write their names down. C. Stay together with their parents.
20. Who will go to the other side of the center
A. The preschool children. B. The third-grade children. C. The fourth-grade children.
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Where will you go next Our editors and explorers pick some most exciting destinations for the year ahead. Grab your bags and go!
Mostar Bosnia
Partially destroyed during the Bosnian War (1992-1995) , history-rich Mostar still bears scars of the past. Wander around and you’ll pass newly renovated apartments next to buildings riddled with bullet holes. Local and intemational artists regularly decorate the abandoned structures with colorful murals. Mostar’s most tangible image of peace is the 16th-century Stari Most, rebuilt in 2004. It connects the city’s predominantly Christian Croat west side with the mainly Muslim Bosniak east.
Tohoku, Japan
Less than three hours by train from Tokyo, home of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, Tohoku features pristine forests, gorges and crater lakes, thousand-year-old temples and shrines, and venerable local festivals— yet less than 2 percent of international travelers come here. For skiers, Tohoku regularly records some of the planet’s heaviest snowfalls, and resorts such as Appi Kogen are exhilaratingly uncrowded.
National Blue Trail, Hungary
Hungary is a dream hiking destination thanks to the country’s National Blue Trail. It’s part of the nearly 6, 500-mile European long-distance walking route E4, which begins in Spain and ends in Cyprus. So, while you could use the Blue Trail as a launchpad for an epic, cross-Europe trek, Hungary’s historic route is best experienced as a singular destination.
Zakouma National Park, Chad
Home to a rapidly growing African elephant population— some 559 in 2019 and a thousand expected by 2024-Zakouma National Park is an under-the-radar African safari destination. The park’s location, in southeastern Chad, one of the world’s least visited countries, makes Zakouma a best-kept secret— one worth sharing to help ensure its continued success.
21. Which destination fits you best if you are fond of hiking
A. Mostar. B. National Blue Trail. C. Tohoku. D. Zakouma National Park.
22. What do Tohoku and Zakouma National Park have in common
A. They are both far from the city’s capital. B. They are very famous for local festivals.
C. They are less popular and attract fewer tourists. D. They are the best choices for sports enthusiasts.
23. In which section of a newspaper can the text be found
A. Environment. B. Travel. C. Culture. D. Business.
B
I was cutting up lettuce (生菜) in the kitchen when I suddenly remembered watching a video about putting the lettuce stub (残余部分) in water to grow a whole new vegetable. So I took out a wide-mouthed mug (大杯) and placed the stub into it, gave it a little water, and placed it by the window.
On a snowy morning, I noticed the first sign. A first small leaf from its heart spread out. A tiny green flag of hope. Beaten, but not defeated. Within days, it was impossible to see the cuts where I had removed the leaves. The growth was explosive. And when I lifted the blossoming head out of the mug, tiny root threads fell down, seeking for the earth. What is growing here Lettuce or hope
If I were a lettuce in a similar condition, I’d want to doubtfully assess where I found myself before being devoted to full growth. Yet for this lettuce, my inadequate offering of water and a place by a window was enough for it to decide to reclaim itself again. It grew in a mug of water, in faith. This is the heart of this lettuce: alive, strong and fearless. It deserved a name. I decided to call it Monty.
Monty wanted to grow, as we all do. I think I gave him a little love and freedom. Those two ingredients were all he needed to return to himself. I see joy in this lettuce. The return to self is always an expression of joy, which is life itself. With the right ingredients, this is the tendency of all living things.
Monty still lives in a mug, but I’m going to transplant him outside. He deserves to become his full self. The only problem I see now is my capacity to support Monty. I hope I have enough of a green finger.
I’m surprised to find myself where I am. Maybe Monty is, too. I have the same choice as he does: give in and decay (腐烂), or start again. The prospect of starting again is discouraging. But my lettuce-friend, Monty, leads the way. I can only hope to be as brave.
24. Why did the author put the stub in water
A. To hope that it would grow. B. To decorate the nice mug.
C. To conduct an experiment. D. To remove his bad mood.
25. What is the first sign of life in the author’s eyes
A. The remaining stub. B. The small leaf.
C. The disappearing cuts. D. The tiny root threads.
26. How would the author feel if in the lettuce’s situation
A. Hesitant. B. Fearless. C. Confident. D. Annoyed.
27. Which can be a suitable title of the passage
A. Enjoy your own life to the fullest. B. Believe in yourself when in trouble.
C. Never be afraid to restart yourself. D. Give freedom to the heart in a way.
C
A new study released in the journal Plant and Cell Physiology suggests that ethanol (乙醇) — or alcohol-can help plants survive in times of drought, even for as long as two weeks without water.
To come up with their finding, the researchers grew wheat and rice plants, regularly watering them, and then added ethanol to the soil in one group of plants over three days. They then kept both groups deprived of (中断) water for two weeks and found that drunk plants grew better than untreated ones. Around 75% of the drunk wheat and rice plants survived after rewatering, while less than 5% of the untreated plants did.
The study also looked at how ethanol protected a plant. Using arabidopsis, a small plant commonly used in experiments, the researchers discovered that when ethanol-treated specimens (样品) were deprived of water, tiny openings on the leaves’ surface closed up to preserve water and heat.
The team studied arabidopsis’ gene expression and found that the ethanol-treated plants started behaving if they were experiencing drought, even before they were actually deprived of water. This gene expression gave the plants an advantage in preparing for a drought.
The researchers said, “The finding is not just useful for the world’s gardens, but also for farms growing vital crops like rice and wheat. Drought-resistant crops could help achieve sustainable food security, which is an issue affecting many parts of the world right now.” They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. “The application of ethanol to plants would be a potent agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in different plants,” said Motoaki Seki, the study’s lead author. But, he warned that the ethanol needed to be used reasonably as higher concentration of ethanol prevented plants growing. Seki added, “We will soon begin testing ethanol on plants in real fields.”
28. What did the researchers find in their study
A. Plants produce ethanol in times of drought.
B. Drunk plants could live longer without water.
C. There is no need to water house plants every day.
D. It requires more water to grow wheat in the field.
29. Why do the researchers do the study
A. To cut the cost of food production. B. To bring about the change of diet.
C. To generate increases in food price. D. To help maintain global food security
30. What does the underlined word “potent” in the last paragraph mean
A. Effective. B. Basic. C. Fictional. D. Necessary.
31. What does Seki want to stress about ethanol in the text
A. It would fit all kinds of plants. B. It has been applied to real fields.
C. It should be used in proper amount. D. It enables wheat plants to grow fast.
D
As students return to school this fall, many of them— perhaps especially those from historically disadvantaged student groups will be starting the academic year with achievement levels lower than where they were at the beginning of summer break. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as summer learning loss. We review what is known about summer loss and offer suggestions for schools looking to solve the problem.
The recent studies on summer loss have been rather comprehensive. One study found that students, on average, lost between 25-30 percent of their school-year learning over the summer; additionally, black and Latino students tended to gain less over the school year and lose more over the summer compared to white students.
However, an analysis of the national study found little evidence of overall loss over the summers after grades K and 1, and the summer loss gaps widened in some subjects and grades but not others. Von Hippel and Hamrock re-analyzed two earlier data sets and concluded that gaps “do not necessarily. . . grow fastest over the summer”. Thus, it seems summer loss occurs, though not universally across geography, grade level or subject.
Schools want to address the issue of summer learning loss not only because it may widen achievement gaps, but also because it “wastes” so much of the knowledge students have gained during the school year. Summer loss also undoubtedly increases the amount of time teachers have to spend “re-teaching” last year’s content.
Traditionally, educators and policy makers have relied on conventional summer school programs to solve summer learning loss. Not surprisingly, research suggests that programs are more effective when students attend consistently and spend more time on task academically. Regardless of the design, these policies should offer engaging options for students over the summer so that summer learning programs do not feel like punishment for students who would rather be enjoying summer vacation. Doing so would set more students up for success as the school year gets underway.
32. What’s the author’s aim by writing Paragraph 1
A. To raise a question. B. To make a comparison.
C. To analyze the figures. D. To illustrate an example.
33. According to the studies, what can we know about summer learning loss
A. Immigrant students experienced the most summer loss.
B. White students did not lose learning over the summer.
C. Summer learning loss after grades K and 1 was alarming.
D. Summer learning loss seemed to vary in grades and subjects.
34. Why do schools want to solve the problem according to the fourth paragraph
A. It may narrow achievement gaps.
B. It may cause repetitive work for teachers.
C. It may stop students gaining more knowledge.
D. It may increase teachers’ new teaching content.
35. What does the author think of summer school programs
A. The conventional programs are ineffective.
B. Students should do all academic tasks.
C. More choices should be provided for students.
D. The programs are punishment for many student.
第二节(共55小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Social media can connect you to friends and family, bring you the latest and most important news, and help you discover things you would never come across otherwise. ____36____. They can lead to negative emotions or distract you from important tasks. Your first thought may be to delete your accounts completely, but you may miss out on all of the benefits. Why not use some of these smart strategies to help you find a good balance
____37____
The contacts on your social media can add up quickly over time as we constantly follow more people. Adding in other junk accounts can make things even worse. The next time you load up one of your social media apps, take some time to unfollow the accounts and people you’re no longer interested in. ____38____. If you’re only following 50 people on twitter, for example, you know that you’re not missing too much if you’re only checking your timeline once a day.
Turn off notices
Fewer notices can help you keep focused and create a healthy habit of checking social media only when you really have to. Notices aren’t too difficult to control these days. ____39____. Browse through the options you have inside your apps, too, in case some apps have secret ways to inform you.
Set time limits
Setting time limits for social media apps on your devices isn’t a perfect approach, as you can easily turn them off if the attraction is too strong. Still, you might find these limitations are effective at reducing the amount of time you spend checking your social networks. ____40____, and from there you can set how long you are allowed to use each app for. Despite all of these measures, you’ll definitely still need a bit of willpower as well.
A. Update your accounts regularly
B. Follow fewer people
C. You can find Screen Time options in the iOS
D. Take a look at the phone’s settings and you will see what you can change
E. However, social media contact may cause you problems
F. But these platforms can sometimes be troublemakers
G. This will make a big difference to how often you check social media
第三部分 完形填空(共15小题：每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
At age eleven, I was in middle school. As the oldest and my mom’s “grown up” girl, I had to keep my cool. But before Christmas, every chance I got, when I was ____41____, I checked each present under the tree quietly. I read every tag (标签) and ____42____ every package, telling which present went to which person without even looking at the tags.
It had been a (n) ____43____ year for my family. When my mom looked at the simple presents, she sighed and warned us, “There won’t be as much for Christmas this year. Try not to be ____44____.” Christmas had traditionally been a time for my parents to spoil (溺爱) us. In years past, the presents would pile up and I would hear the phrase “giving is better than receiving”, but thought whoever had said that must have been out of their mind. Getting presents was the whole ____45____!
On that Christmas morning, we ____46____ waited in the hallway until Dad told us everything was ready. We rushed into the living room and let the wrapping paper fly. We made weak ____47____ to wait and watch other family members opened their presents, but as the time passed we lost our self-control.
“Here’s another one for you,” said Mom as she ____48____ me a package with my name written on the label in my mother’s handwriting. I looked at it, ____49____. Having spent so much time examining the presents before Christmas, I _____50_____ this one. It was my mom’s.
“Mom, I can’t...”
I was _____51_____ by my mother’s eager, joyful look—a look I could not really understand. “Let’s see what it is, honey. Hurry and open it.” It was a blow dryer. Though it’s simple, to me it was so much more. Being a little girl, I was amazed. In my world, where receiving _____52_____ giving, my mom’s act of selflessness was incomprehensible. Tears filled my eyes and I thought in disbelief about how much my mom must love me to _____53_____ her Christmas.
I have always remembered that Christmas full of deep _____54_____. It had such an impact on me. As an adult, I can now _____55_____ my mom’s actions—finding an even greater joy in her Christmas, because giving truly is better than receiving. My mom’s simple act meant the world to me.
41. A. alone B. asleep C. awake D. alive
42. A. tore B. felt C. smelled D. broke
43. A. easy B. tough C. common D. shiny
44. A. excited B. embarrassed C. disappointed D. nervous
45. A. approach B. excellence C. secret D. point
46. A. slowly B. unconcernedly C. passively D. eagerly
47. A. contributions B. attempts C. requests D. arguments
48. A. handed B. took C. threw D. provided
49. A. ashamed B. stressed C. bored D. confused
50. A. recognised B. recalled C. refused D. returned
51. A. inspired B. scared C. stopped D. encouraged
52. A. outweighed B. equaled C. meant D. indicated
53. A. give out B. give up C. settle for D. pay off
54. A. doubt B. relief C. love D. trouble
55. A. remember B. comment C. understand D. share
Ⅱ卷(共65分)
第一部分(共10小题：每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As you walk into the Shandong Arts and Crafts Exhibition Center, you are greeted by ____56____ impressive sight: a larger-than-life rabbit. ____57____ (decorate) with an auspicious (吉利的) cloud atop, the Tuzi Wang, or “lord rabbit”, is dressed in a golden helmet, armor and a flowing red robe.
The ____58____ (create) of the rabbit figure is Yang Feng, an inheritor of this Shandong intangible cultural heritage. Located on the second floor of the exhibition center is his studio ____59____ he displays his works. Besides, there are also many cultural creative products ____60____ (feature) the lord rabbit, including T-shirts, puzzles and notebooks, as well as an area for people to try their hands at making a rabbit figure ____61____ (they).
After dedicating two decades to perfecting his craft, Yang is committed ____62____ promoting the traditional skill of creating the lord rabbit in his own unique style. “For me, crafting the rabbit is not just a job, but a lifelong career that I am ____63____ (passion) about,” he says.
Hou Yangjun, the deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Folk Literature and Art Association, explains that a folk tradition emerges in Jinan where citizens worship (崇拜) a clay rabbit god named Tuzi Wang during Mid-Autumn Festival and it ____64____ (pass) down for several centuries. “The rabbit god is known as Tu’er Ye in Beijing and Tuzi Wang in Jinan. Despite minor differences in their appearance, both of them share the same origin and are _____65_____ (traditional) crafted from mud and clay,” Hou adds.
第二部分 单词拼写(共10小题;每小题1分，满分10分)
汉译英
66. f______ adj. 频繁的；经常发生的
67. f______ n. 失败
68. o______ n. 场合；时刻
69. a______ v. 吸收
70. b______ n. 预算
71. rely→______ adj. 可信赖的；可靠的
72. major→______ n. 大多数
73. science→______ adj. 科学
74. marry→______ n. 婚姻
75. permit→______ n. 许可；允许
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分040分)
第一节 应用文写作(满分15分)
76. 假定你是校英语剧社社长李华，原定于下周举行的英语剧表演比赛因故推迟，请给担任评委的外教Katherine写封邮件，内容包括：
1.表示歉意；
2.推迟原因；
3.后续调整。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.可适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯。
3.请在答题卡的相应位置作答
Dear Katherine,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
第二节 读后续写(满分25分)
77. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I must admit, I haven’t always liked animals. In fact, I distrusted them greatly while growing up, and I still fear the ones I don’t know personally. What set my beliefs in stone was being attacked—not once but many times, including the summer after second grade when I was bitten by a rabbit. Then, when I was nine and riding my dirt bike down the road, a large dog charged me and tried to bite my ankle. After all those negative experiences, there was one thing I knew for sure: All creatures, great and small, were no friends of mine.
After college in California, I returned to live the single life in Las Vega. Then I met Lisa. In no time at all, we fell in love, married and moved into a new house. Despite my avoidance of animals, Lisa had a dog called Bailey. Bailey didn’t like me, but he tolerated my existence once he realized I wasn’t going anywhere.
Things changed as spring came. We welcomed a new member of our family: our son Evan. One evening Evan grabbed hold of the dog’s tail. The irritated dog paused and turned to look at his stuck tail but waited patiently until being released. Still the stories I’d heard of animals attacking babies worries me.
Then my worst fear occurred. I sat on the couch (沙发) reading after a long day while my wife worked at the dining-room table paying the bills. I saw Evan crawl across the family-room carpet as he made his way behind the couch. One minute, all was quiet and then Bailey entered the room and headed to where Evan had crawled. I nearly jumped out of my skin when I heard the dog start a fearful barking behind me.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Throwing the book away, I rushed around the couch with great fear.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Having witnessed our dog killing a scorpion (蝎子) and saving my son, I was speechless.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________